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Former department shop in Chicago

Marshall Field & Company

Industry	Retailing
Founded	1852, in Chicago
Defunct	September 9, 2006; 15 years agone  (2006-09-09)
Fate	Acquisition
Successor	Macy's
Key people	Marshall Field Levi Leiter Potter Palmer Harry Gordon Selfridge John M. Shedd
Parent	Batus Inc. (1982–1990) Target Corporation (1990–2004) The May Department Stores Company (2004–2005) Federated Department Stores (2005–2006)
Subsidiaries	The Crescent Frederick & Nelson Halle Bros.

Marshall Field & Company (unremarkably known equally Marshall Field's) was a high end department store in Chicago, Illinois, founded in the 19th century that grew to become a large chain earlier being acquired past Macy's, Inc in 2005. It's eponymous founder, Marshall Field, was a pioneering retail magnate.

The company's flagship Marshall Field and Company Building on Country Street in the Chicago Loop, is a National Landmark, and was officially branded Macy's on Country Street in 2006, when it became one of Macy's flagship stores.

History [edit]

Early years [edit]

Marshall Field'south State Street shop "peachy hall" interior around 1910

Marshall Field & Visitor traces its antecedents to a dry out appurtenances shop opened at 137 Lake Street^[1] in Chicago, Illinois, in 1852 by Potter Palmer, eponymously named P. Palmer & Company. In 1856, 21-year-one-time Marshall Field moved to the booming midwestern city of Chicago on the southwest shores of Lake Michigan from Pittsfield, Massachusetts and found work at the city'due south then-largest dry goods house – Cooley, Wadsworth & Company. Just prior to the American Civil War, in 1860, Field and bookkeeper Levi Z. Leiter became junior partners in the firm, then known as Cooley, Farwell & Company. In 1864, the firm, and then led past senior partner John V. Farwell, Sr., was renamed Farwell, Field & Company.^[2] just for Field and Leiter to before long withdraw from the partnership with Farwell when presented with the opportunity of a lifetime.^[three]

Potter Palmer, plagued by ailing health, was looking to dispose of his thriving business, so on Jan 4, 1865, Field and Leiter entered into partnership with him and his brother Milton Palmer. So the firm of P. Palmer & Company became Field, Palmer, Leiter & Visitor, with Palmer financing much of their initial capital as well as his own contribution. Afterwards Field and Leiter'due south immediate success enabled them to pay him back, Palmer withdrew two years later from the partnership in 1867 to focus on his own growing real-manor interests on one of the burgeoning city'south important thoroughfares, Country Street.^[4] His blood brother, Milton Palmer, left at this time every bit well. The store was renamed Field, Leiter & Visitor, sometimes referred to as "Field & Leiter".

The buyout, however, did not bring an cease to Potter Palmer's association with the house. In 1868, Palmer convinced Field and Leiter to charter a new, vi-story edifice^[5] he had simply built at the northeast corner of State and Washington Streets. The store was soon referred to equally the "Marble Palace" owing to its plush marble rock face.

The Great Chicago Burn [edit]

When the Swell Chicago Fire bankrupt out on October 8, 1871, news of this, one of the worst conflagrations to ever strike an American urban center, reached visitor officials Henry Willing and Levi Leiter, who decided to load as much of their expensive merchandise as possible onto wagons and accept it to Leiter's dwelling, which was out of the path of the fire. The Company's drivers and teams were ordered out of the barns. Horace B. Parker, a young salesman, rushed to the store's basement, broke upward boxes, and congenital a fire in the furnace boiler so that the steam-powered elevators could exist operated. These employees worked feverishly through the night to remove vital records and valuable goods to safety.

At one point, the gas tank exploded, which put out the shop's gaslights. The men worked on past candlelight and the glow from the approaching flames. The employees got enough steam upward to operate the store's powerful pumps in the basement, and volunteers went to the roof and used the store'south burn hoses to wet down the roof and the wall on the side of the oncoming fire. Early in the post-obit morning time even so, the urban center'south waterworks burned, thus ending the water supply and making further efforts useless. The last employee had scarcely exited the edifice when it burst into flames, shooting burn from every window.^{[half dozen]}

The store burned to the ground. However, as a result of the employees' herculean efforts, and then much merchandise was saved that the store was able to reopen in only a few weeks (the Wholesale Department on October 28, and the Retail Department on November half dozen) in a temporary location (a horse-streetcar barn of the Chicago City Railway Co. at State & 20th Streets). Six months later, in Apr 1872, Field & Leiter reopened in an unburned building at Madison and Market Streets (today's West Wacker Drive). Salesman Parker stayed on with the Visitor for 45 more years, rising to the level of Full general Sales Manager.^[vii]

Later on the Great Burn [edit]

Two years subsequently, in October 1873, Field and Leiter returned to State Street at Washington, opening in a new five-story shop at their old location they at present leased from the Singer Sewing Machine Company, Palmer having sold the land site to finance his own rebuilding activities. This shop was expanded in 1876, just to be destroyed by fire over again in November 1877. Ever tenacious, Field and Leiter had a new temporary shop opened past the stop of the calendar month at a lakefront exposition hall they leased temporarily from the metropolis, located at what is now the site of the nowadays Fine art Institute of Chicago. Meanwhile, the Singer company had speculatively built a new, fifty-fifty larger, six-story building on the ruins of their old 1873 store, which, after some contention, was personally bought past Field and Leiter. Field, Leiter & Company now reclaimed their traditional location at the northeast corner of Land and Washington for the final time in April 1879.

Marshall Field's Wholesale Store at Franklin Street, betwixt Quincy and Adams Streets, designed by Henry Hobson Richardson, built 1887, razed c. 1930, view taken effectually 1890

In January 1881, Field, with the support of his junior partners, bought out Levi Z. Leiter, renaming the business organisation "Marshall Field & Visitor". Every bit Palmer had before, Leiter retired to tend his significant existent estate investments, which included commissioning a section store, Second Leiter Building in 1891 at Country Street and Van Buren to house Siegel, Cooper & Company. In 1932, this edifice (known every bit one of the earliest steel-framed commercial buildings built and still standing in the U.S. along with the Equitable Edifice in Baltimore) was leased to the later famous nationwide mail service-guild firm Sears, Roebuck & Company.

In 1887, the landmark seven-story Henry Hobson Richardson-designed, (1838–1886), Romanesque-styled, Marshall Field's Wholesale Shop opened on Franklin Street betwixt Quincy and Adams (razed c.1930). Though little remembered today, the wholesale partition sold merchandise in bulk to smaller merchants throughout the central and western U.s.a. and at that time did vi times the sales volume of the local retail shop. Chicago's location at the nexus of the state's railroads and Great Lakes aircraft fabricated it the center of the dry appurtenances wholesaling business by the 1870s, with Field'south onetime partner from before the war, John V. Farwell, Sr., (1825–1908), being his largest rival. Information technology was the scale of the profits generated by the John G. Shedd-led^[five] wholesale partitioning during this time that made Marshall Field the richest man in Chicago and ane of the richest in the land.

State Street shop [edit]

Post-obit the departure of Leiter, the retail store grew in importance. Though it remained a fraction of the size of the wholesale sectionalization, its opulent building and luxurious trade differentiated Marshall Field'southward from the other wholesale dry goods merchants in town. In 1887, Harry Gordon Selfridge, (1858–1947), was appointed to pb the retail shop and headed it as it evolved into a modernistic department store. That same yr, Field personally obtained Leiter's remaining involvement in the 1879 Singer building and in 1888 started buying the buildings bordering his for additional flooring infinite. Marshall Field also had a child at this fourth dimension.

The iconic clock at Marshall Field's State Street and Washington Street store.

In 1892, the structures between the 1879 building on State Street and Wabash Avenue to the east were demolished and the famous influential architect Daniel H. Burnham, (1846–1912), and his business firm D.H. Burnham & Company was commissioned to erect a new building in anticipation of the influx of visitors from the World's Columbian Exposition scheduled for 1893. The nine-story "Annex" at the northwest corner of Wabash and Washington Streets was opened under the direction of Burnham associate Charles B. Atwood, (1849–1895),^[8] in Baronial 1893, towards the terminate of the Exposition. In 1897, the old 1879 store was rebuilt and had two additional floors added, while the first of Marshall Field's iconic landmark Groovy Clocks was installed at the corner of State and Washington Streets on November 26.^[9]

In 1901, Marshall Field & Company, previously a private partnership, was incorporated. Spurred on by Selfridge, Marshall Field razed the three buildings northward of it, which had been occupied since 1888, besides as the Dankmar Adler, (1844–1900), and Louis Sullivan, (1856–1924),-designed 1879 Central Music Hall at the southeast corner of State and Randolph Streets in 1901. In their place rose a massive, twelve-story edifice fronting on Country Street in 1902, including a grand new entrance. In 1906, a tertiary new building opened on Wabash Avenue north of the 1893 structure, which was then the oldest office of the shop.

In the midst of the construction, Selfridge abruptly resigned from the visitor in 1904, buying rival store Schlesinger & Mayer, but sold it only three months later. Schlesinger & Mayer in 1899 had commissioned the Louis Sullivan-designed building now known every bit the Carson, Pirie, Scott and Visitor Building, which is the house to which Selfridge sold the business organisation. After trying retirement, he went on to institute Selfridges in London.

Shedd era [edit]

Marshall Field died on Jan 16, 1906, in New York Urban center. On the day of his funeral, all the stores along Country Street, large and small, airtight and the Chicago Board of Merchandise suspended afternoon trading in his honor.^[five] The board of Marshall Field and Company appointed John G. Shedd, (1850–1926), whom Field had once called "the greatest merchant in the United States", to serve as the visitor's new president.^[five] Shedd became head of a visitor that employed 12,000 people in Chicago (two-thirds of them in retail) and was doing about $25 million in yearly retail sales in addition to nearly $fifty 1000000 in wholesale.^[3]

Tiffany Favrile drinking glass ceiling, Land Street (south edifice), 1907

Under Shedd's leadership for the side by side sixteen years, Marshall Field & Co. connected to rebuild its store, fulfilling plans approved past Field himself to pull downwards the 1879 construction later in 1906. In its stead rose a new south State Street building with a continuation of the 1902 street façade. Opened in September 1907, information technology included a Louis Comfort Tiffany- decorated ceiling that is both the first and largest ceiling ever congenital in favrile glass, containing over 1.6 1000000 pieces. With completion of the 1907 building, Marshall Field's momentarily possessed the title of "globe's largest department shop" over John Wanamaker & Co. in Philadelphia and R.H. Macy & Co. in New York.

In 1912, the 16-story Trude Building at the southwest corner of Wabash and Randolph was acquired and demolished, an deed that was considered to exist one of the showtime demolitions, if not the commencement, of a high-rise skyscraper of those just recently being congenital.^[10] In its place rose the 1914 building by designed by the Graham, Burnham & Company architectural firm, completing the present-twenty-four hours shop and now encompassing the entire square city block, bounded by Washington, Country, Wabash, and Randolph Streets.

Too in 1914, the same Graham, Burnham & Company supervised the opening of a new xx-story Marshall Field Annex across the street at 25 East Washington, which housed "Marshall Field's Store for Men" on its kickoff six floors. These buildings recaptured its condition every bit the world's largest department store, its many restaurants and separate men's and women's lounges becoming an of import social destination for upscale Chicago.

Shedd continued to aggrandize Field'southward wholesale business and grew its manufacturing business concern, buying material mills in the S in 1911 (run across Cannon Mills Visitor) likewise as overseeing the purchase of the Marshall Field Trust's involvement in the business in 1917. The Field Family unit eventually retained only a ten percent stake. 2d company president, John G. Shedd retired in tardily 1922.

1913 Illinois State Senate investigation [edit]

In 1913, representatives of Carson Pirie Scott and Marshall Field'southward were called to the state capital of Illinois at Springfield for the Illinois Country Senate's investigation of the low wages of the female employees of the major department stores. At Marshall Field'southward, women were not merely typists or other types of clerical workers, they besides had a major role in the sales department. Women sales clerks were trained in etiquette and acquired a thorough understanding of the trade.^[11] The presence of saleswomen was a crucial part of the success of Marshall Field'south, as they made female person customers more than comfy and therefore made shopping at Marshall Field's fun.

The opportunities available for women at Marshall Field's created a subculture of working women. During the early on and middle decades of the 20th century, many women migrated into the labor force often condign adrift in a new urban center with new opportunities. Many of these women lived autonomously from family and relatives, were immature and single and came from varied backgrounds and ethnicities. This subculture of women was greatly afflicted by wages and opportunities offered through Marshall Field'south.^[12]

Still, the wages of the female employees were not representative of their function in the company and, therefore, became the discipline of the 1913 Illinois Senate Investigation. Women were paid very low wages, the average being $five to $8 per week. The "testimony at an Illinois Senate investigation in 1913 from spokesmen for the Illinois Manufacturers' Association; banks; Sears, Roebuck; and Marshall Field'due south revealed that most major employers paid women workers as depression as $ii.75."^[13] Even in 1913, that was non a living wage. During the hearing, Marshall Field's revealed that information technology could double the women'south salaries but refused to practice so. Furthermore, women faced more mistreatment within the company such as sex activity segregation, which limited their mobility within the company.

Showtime branch stores and the Frango brand [edit]

James Simpson was appointed president following Shedd'southward retirement. Though considered to have favored the declining wholesale division, he did aggrandize its retail operations, first buying A. M. Rothschild & Co. at State Street and Jackson Boulevard in December 1923, which Field's operated as a discount store called "The Davis Store." In 1924, the 1893–1914 buildings that the shop occupied were acquired from the Marshall Field Trust.

The first branch of Marshall Field's itself opened at Marketplace Foursquare in Lake Forest, Illinois in May 1928.^[five] In September 1928, its get-go branch in Evanston, Illinois followed, later on relocating to a French Renaissance-mode building at Sherman Avenue and Church Street in November 1929.^[fourteen] The Oak Park, Illinois shop opened in September 1929 in a edifice similar to the Evanston store.^[xv] Frederick & Nelson, a Seattle, Washington-based section store founded in 1890, was as well acquired in 1929, with its own 1914 downtown Seattle edifice at Pine Street and 5th Avenue. Frederick & Nelson retained its name, though its logo was soon rewritten in Field's iconic script. Frederick & Nelson created Frango mints, a Seattle tradition then and now. The mints were later too produced in the processed kitchen in the State Street store and became popular in Chicago, besides.

Marshall Field & Company became a public company in 1930, early in the "Great Depression". The retailer needed majuscule due to the expense of opening the massive new Trade Mart to firm its flagging wholesale division. Ground was broken in 1927 during the boom years of the "Roaring 20s"; when the Mart opened in 1930, it was the largest building in the world. The 1887 Wholesale Store designed by Richardson at Franklin between Quincy and Adams Streets was closed and demolished at this time. But the new building, faced with a alter in retail distribution and wholesale patterns in improver to the deepening "Smashing Low", could not salvage Field'due south wholesale segmentation. Simpson left the Visitor, and James O. McKinsey, a University of Chicago professor and founder of the McKinsey and Company consulting business firm, was hired to reform the Company. The wholesale partition, one time the cadre of the Company, was liquidated past 1936. The Davis Shop was closed in 1936 as well, and its building was sold to Goldblatts. In 1939, the country underlying the main Country Street store was caused from the Marshall Field Trust. Meanwhile, McKinsey as well reorganized the Visitor'southward vertically integrated operations, notably by merging the Visitor'due south varied textile operations under the Fieldcrest proper name.

Suburban expansion [edit]

Marshall Field & Company logo used before the BATUS conquering in 1982. It would be shortened to "Marshall Field's".

Following World War 2, the Merchandise Mart edifice was sold in 1945 to Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., (1888–1969), significantly improving the Field Visitor's finances and enabling the store to cope with the mail service-war suburban residential and commercial boom. Marshall Field's presciently followed its customers to their new homes outwards to the suburbs, including opening a store in 1950 in partnership with pioneering suburban developer Philip Yard. Klutznick (a famous Jewish leader and later U.S. Secretarial assistant of Commerce) at his new Park Forest Plaza, which utilized revolutionary new concepts in state use and architecture.

In 1956, Klutznick and Field'due south jointly opened Old Orchard Shopping Heart in Skokie, Illinois, a eye Klutznick developed on land that Field'due south already endemic; the development included a new Field's shop. This was followed by the 1959 opening of a Field's store in the Mayfair Mall in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, to the northwest, and stores at after Klutznick-led shopping centers opened at Oakbrook Center in Oak Beck, Illinois, in 1962 and River Oaks Middle in Calumet City, Illinois, in 1966.

Marshall Field's fifty-fifty expanded further in the Pacific Northwest, acquiring The Crescent department store in Spokane, Washington, in 1962 and in 1970, moved due east with the purchase of Halle Brothers Co., a leading department store in Cleveland, Ohio. Field's also continued to aggrandize its hometown base in Illinois, opening a store at Woodfield Mall in Schaumburg in 1971.

CherryVale Mall in Rockford and Hawthorn Mall in Vernon Hills followed in 1973, and stores at Water Belfry Identify in Chicago and Fob Valley Mall in Aurora opened in 1975. The suburban expansion continued in 1976 with a location at Orland Square Mall in Orland Park, followed by the Louis Joliet Mall in Joliet in 1978. In 1979, Marshall Field's expanded due south into Texas with a store at The Galleria in Houston.

The year 1980 saw the rapid acquisition of J.B. Ivey Co., a department store chain with roots in Charlotte, North Carolina, and Jacksonville, Florida; The Union Co. in Columbus, Ohio; the Lipman'southward stores in Portland, Oregon; and several Liberty House stores in Washington land. Field's existing Frederick & Nelson unit of measurement in Seattle captivated the Lipman's and Freedom House stores under its name, but afterward initially merging The Union of Columbus, Ohio with its before Halle's stores from Cleveland, Field'southward decided to sell the combined chain in November 1981; the new owners quickly liquidated it.

The early 1980s saw slower expansion, with just two store locations in Illinois added, one in October 1980 at Spring Hill Mall in Westward Dundee, and i in 1981 at Stratford Square Mall in Bloomingdale. Another Texas shop opened at the Dallas Galleria, in Dallas, Texas, in 1982.

BATUS [edit]

In 1982, Marshall Field & Co. ceased to exist a public company, being caused past B.A.T. British-American Tobacco. As part of BATUS Retail Group, the American retailing arm of B.A.T., Field's and its Frederick & Nelson, Ivey'southward and The Crescent department stores and the John Brueners home furnishings stores joined retailers Gimbels, Saks Fifth Artery and Kohl's. Field's connected to aggrandize under BATUS, calculation stores at Houston'south Town & Country Mall in 1983 and at the Due north Star Mall in San Antonio in 1986.

Only four years afterward ownership Marshall Field'southward, however, BATUS scaled back its retail operations in 1986, selling Field's quondam subsidiaries Frederick & Nelson and The Crescent to a local investor grouping. Frederick & Nelson chop-chop deteriorated and became defunct in 1992. Its 1914 building, the one caused by Field'due south in 1929, was eventually bought by Nordstrom; the structure was renovated and reopened in 1998 as a replacement for Nordstrom'due south own Seattle parent store.

BATUS closed its Gimbels segmentation in 1986 and transferred five former Gimbels locations in Wisconsin to its Marshall Field's division: downtown Milwaukee, Northridge Mall and Southridge Mall in Milwaukee, Hilldale Shopping Middle in Madison and in downtown Appleton. The onetime Gimbels Northridge and Southridge locations were retained past Field's for only three years; due to poor performance, they were sold in 1989 to H.C. Prange Co. of Sheboygan.

The Evanston and Oak Park stores were closed in 1986, their 1929 buildings deemed out of date and too plush to operate. A major restoration and renovation of the State Street flagship store led by Director of Construction and Maintenance Bill Allen commenced in 1987.

BATUS initially kept Saks Fifth Artery, Marshall Field's, and Ivey's; however, it sold all its remaining U.Due south. retail assets in 1990, with Saks going to Bahrain-based Investcorp, Ivey's sold to Dillard's, and Marshall Field'south sold to then Dayton-Hudson Corporation (now Target Corporation).

The name plaque at the State Street store in Chicago

Dayton-Hudson, Target, and May [edit]

Dayton-Hudson Corporation renamed itself Target Corporation in 2000 and renamed its Dayton's and Hudson'south department stores Marshall Field's in 2001. These stores were outside of Field's existing markets. Target Corporation introduced some of the brands carried there to the Marshall Field's stores, displacing some of Field'south more expensive merchandise.

In 2004 Target Corporation sold the Marshall Field's chain to May Co., thereby exiting the department store business entirely. It was hoped that aligning with the May Company instead of the discounter Target would "let Field's be Field'due south" and permit information technology to recapture its onetime cachet and upper-class customer base. However, Federated Department Stores, Inc. acquired the May Visitor in 2005.

Federated conquering, renaming and protestation [edit]

Former Marshall Field'south in Lake Forest, IL, the concluding "old" suburban shop until Macy's closed it in 2008.

After the Federated purchase, Marshall Field'due south stores joined L. Due south. Ayres and existing Macy's stores in the new Macy'south Due north Division. During 2006, all Marshall Field'due south stores, nearly Filene'southward and all the stores of nine other May-owned chains were renamed Macy's, the conversion officially occurred on September 9, 2006.^[sixteen] Many Chicagoans resented the New York Metropolis brand replacing their local brand.^[17] Hundreds of protesters gathered nether Marshall Field'due south famous clock that day,^[18] and returned on the one-year anniversary, September 9, 2007.^[19] Dozens attended "Field'south Fans" rallies each anniversary from 2008 to 2012.^{[twenty] [21] [22]}

Many Chicagoans felt betrayed by Macy'south takeover of Marshall Fields when the company began to change its aesthetics and customer service standards, and demoted many Chicago-based brands. In December 2006, Macy'south reported thirty% slower sales in former Marshall Field's stores; the focus shifted to promoting the State Street location in 2007.^[23]

Renovations [edit]

The Marshall Field and Company Building at State and Washington Streets in Chicago was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 and is office of the Loop Retail National Celebrated Commune. The building was designated a Chicago Landmark on Nov ane, 2005.^[24] With approximately two million square feet of available floor space, the edifice is the 2nd-largest section store in the United States.

In 1987, while under BATUS ownership, Field's State Street store underwent significant restoration. In 2004, while Field's was still owned by Dayton Hudson/Target, some other extensive restoration of the landmark State Street store, costing $115 million, was begun; the last of the renovation was completed after the May acquisition. The 2004 renovations included the installation of new lower-level shops, removal of steel grates from the upper portions of the store's historic light wells, and the addition of an eleven-story atrium in what had been an aisle and mid-store light shaft.

In 2004, Field's also introduced significant upgrades to merchandise and the introduction of luxury vendor relationships, in which 10% of the floor space was leased to outside vendors in a manner similar to Selfridge's in London (Selfridge's was founded by sometime Field's executive Harry Selfridge, who based his business organisation model on Marshall Field'south; likewise, the Selfridge's edifice in London was based on the architecture of the Marshall Field's store).

[edit]

Looking downwardly over the atrium in Marshall Field'due south

Amid the "firsts" by Marshall Field's was the concept of the department store tea room.^{[ commendation needed ]} In the 19th century, ladies shopping downtown returned home for lunch; having lunch at a downtown restaurant unescorted by a gentleman was not considered ladylike.^{[ citation needed ]} Just later on a Marshall Field's clerk shared her luncheon (a chicken pot pie) with a tired shopper, Field's hitting on the idea of opening a department store tea room, and so that women shoppers would not feel the need to make two trips to consummate their shopping.^{[ citation needed ]} To this day, the Walnut Room serves the traditional Mrs. Herring's chicken pot pie.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Marshall Field's had the first European buying part, which was located in Manchester, England, and the first bridal registry. The company was the first to introduce the concept of the personal shopper, and that service was provided without charge in every Field's store, right upwardly to the chain's last days nether the Marshall Field'due south name. Information technology was the first store to offering revolving credit and the start section store to utilize escalators. Marshall Field'due south book department in the State Street store was legendary; information technology pioneered the concept of the "book signing." Moreover, every year at Christmas, Marshall Field's downtown store windows were filled with animated displays as part of the downtown shopping district brandish; the "theme" window displays became famous for their ingenuity and beauty, and visiting the Marshall Field'southward windows at Christmas became a tradition for Chicagoans and visitors alike, as popular a local practise every bit visiting the Walnut Room with its equally famous Christmas tree or meeting "under the clock" on State Street.

Marshall Field was famous for his slogan "Give the lady what she wants." He was also famous for his integrity, grapheme, and community philanthropy and leadership. After his death, the company remained to the very stop a major philanthropic contributor to its Chicago-area community.^[25]

Field, the store he created and his successor John G. Shedd, helped constitute Chicago's prominence throughout the world in business, fine art, culture, and teaching. The Fine art Plant of Chicago, the Field Museum of Natural History (equally renamed in 1905 for its kickoff major benefactor),^[26] the Museum of Scientific discipline and Industry, the John Thou. Shedd Aquarium and the University of Chicago have all been aided by the philanthropy of Marshall Field's.^[27] Marshall Field was as well a major sponsor of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition.^[28]

• Goddard, Leslie (2011). Remembering Marshall Fields. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN978-0-7385-8368-6.
• Kimbrough, Emily (1952). Through Charley's Door: An Account of the Writer's Experiences in the Advertising Department of Marshall Field and Company in Chicago. New York: Harper. ISBN978-9997500496.
• Soucek, Gayle (2010). Marshall Field's: The Shop That Helped Build Chicago. History Press. ISBN978-1-59629-854-5.
• Madsen, Axel (2002). The Marshall Fields: The Evolution of an American Concern Dynasty. Wiley. ISBN978-0-471-02493-4.
• Wendt, Lloyd; Kogan, Herman (1952). Give the Lady What She Wants: The Story of Marshall Field & Company. Chicago: Rand, McNally.
• Rosen, Renee (2014). What the Lady Wants: A Novel of Marshall Field and the Golden Age. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN9780451466716.

References [edit]

1. ^ PDX History of Marshall Field'due south. Retrieved Baronial 20, 2006.
2. ^ Encyclopedia of Chicago History – John V. Farwell & Co.. Retrieved August nineteen, 2006.
3. ^ ^{a b} Encyclopedia of Chicago History – Marshall Field & Co.. Retrieved Baronial 20, 2006.
4. ^ "Field (Marshall) & Co.". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. 2005. Retrieved 2008-03-02 .
5. ^ ^{a b c d e} Jazz Age Chicago Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 20, 2006.
6. ^ Twyman, Robert W., "History of Marshall Field & Co. 1852–1906," pp. 38–42, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1954.
7. ^ Brewer, Wilmon, "A Life of Maurice Parker," pp. 11–12, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, 1954.
8. ^ Chicago Architecture Info. Retrieved August 20, 2006.
9. ^ MeetinChicago.com Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Car. Retrieved August twenty, 2006.
10. ^ Emporis/Trude Building. Retrieved August 20, 2006.
11. ^ Weiner, Lynn W., "Work Culture", Encyclopedia of Chicago, Chicago Historical Society, 2005, December five, 2013
12. ^ Meyerowitz, Joanne J. Women Afloat: Independent Wage Earners in Chicago, 1880–1930. Chicago: The Academy of Chicago Printing, 1988. Print.
13. ^ Cornelius, Janet, Martha LaFrenz Kay. Women of Conscience: Social Reform In Danville, Illinois 1890–1930. Columbia, Southward Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 2008. Print.
14. ^ Evanston Galleria. Retrieved Baronial 20, 2006.
15. ^ Jazz Age Chicago – Field's Branches Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Automobile. Retrieved August 20, 2006.
16. ^ Field'due south trades up stripes for Macy's stars Archived 2007-03-xi at the Wayback Auto, abc7chicago.com, Baronial nine, 2006
17. ^ Yerak, Becky (21 September 2005). "Field's no more". Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 15 March 2018.
18. ^ Chicago Tribune, Sept. ten, 2006 & Chicago Sunday-Times, Sept. 10, 2006.
19. ^ Chicago Tribune, September 10, 2007; Chicago Red Eye, Sept. 10, 2007
20. ^ "Marshall Field's forever [Caption text but.]". Chicago Tribune. September 10, 2008.
21. ^ "More grieving in store [Caption text only.]". Chicago Tribune. September 14, 2009.
22. ^ "Chicago Wants Marshall Field's!". Retrieved 2010-11-xxx .
23. ^ "Macy's turns up the charm to court Chicagoans". NBC News. 2007-xi-08. Retrieved 2010-xi-30 .
24. ^ "CHICAGO LANDMARKS: Individual Landmarks and Landmark Districts designated as of Jan 1, 2008" (PDF). Commission on Chicago Landmarks. 2008-01-01. Archived from the original (PDF) on Feb 27, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
25. ^ Give the Lady What She Wants! The Story of Marshall Field & Company (1952), Cited in The Encyclopedia of Chicago, ISBN 0-226-31015-9, original source reference volume.
26. ^ "The Field Museum Information". Retrieved 2010-11-30 .
27. ^ FieldFoundation.org Archived 2007-04-08 at the Wayback Machine The Field Foundation of Illinois
28. ^ "World's Columbian Exposition". Retrieved 2010-eleven-30 .

External links [edit]

• Official website (Archive)
• Map: 41°53′02″N 87°37′38″W  /  41.88389°N 87.62722°W  / 41.88389; -87.62722 Coordinates: 41°53′02″Northward 87°37′38″W  /  41.88389°N 87.62722°W  / 41.88389; -87.62722
• 1905 Magazine Commodity with photos
• Jazz Age Chicago (2006): Marshall Field and Company history
• Encyclopædia Britannica: Comprehensive article on Marshall Field'southward
• Dan Skoda and his colleagues are bringing new sparkle to Marshall Field's #148, September 1995, Illinois Retail Merchants Clan, Apr 23, 2003
• One last stroll down memory lane before big modify, KARE11.com, April v, 2006
• Darrid.com: A Tribute to Marshall Field's
• FieldsFansChicago.org: Marshall Field's fans weblog and Macy'southward boycott site
• Bring Back Marshall Field's
• Marshall Field'due south Last Day, Fri, Sept. eight, 2006
• Chicago Tribune: "Field's greenish fades to ruby" — September 9, 2006

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Field%27s

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